What Is a City State Definition and Modern Examples

Simply stated, a city-state is an  independent country  that exists completely within the borders of a single city. Originating in late 19th century England, the term has also been applied to the early world superpower cities such as ancient  Rome,  Carthage,  Athens,  and  Sparta. Today,  Monaco,  Singapore, and  Vatican City  are considered the only true city-states.   Key Takeaways: City State A city-state is an independent, self-governing country contained totally within the borders of a single city.  The ancient empires of Rome, Carthage, Athens, and Sparta are considered early examples of city-states.  Once numerous, today there are few true city-states. They are small in size and dependent on trade and tourism.  The only three agreed upon city-states today are Monaco, Singapore, and Vatican City. City State Definition   The  city-state is a  usually small, independent country  consisting of a single city, the government of which exercises full  sovereignty  or control over itself and all territories within its borders.  Unlike in more traditional multi-jurisdictional countries, where political powers are shared between the national government and various regional governments, the single city of city-state functions as the center of  political, economic, and cultural life. Historically, the first recognized city-states evolved  in  the classical period of Greek civilization  during  the 4th and 5th  centuries BCE.  The Greek term for city-states, â€Å"polis,† came from the Acropolis (448 BCE), which served as  the governmental  center of ancient Athens. Both the popularity  and prevalence  of the city-state  flourished until the tumultuous downfall of Rome in 476 CE, which led to the near  annihilation of the form of government. City-states saw a small revival during the  11th century  CE,  when several Italian examples, such as Naples and Venice, realized  considerable  economic  prosperity. Characteristics  of City-States   The unique  characteristic of a city-state that sets it aside from  other types of government  is its sovereignty  or independence. This means that a city-state  has the  full right and power  to govern itself  and its citizens,  without any interference from outside  governments. For example, the  government of the  city-state of Monaco, though located totally within  France, is not subject to French laws or policies.   By having sovereignty, city-states differ from other forms of government establishments such as â€Å"autonomous regions† or territories. While  autonomous regions  are functionally political subdivisions of a central national government, they retain varying degrees of  self-governance or autonomy  from that central government.  Hong Kong  and Macau in the  People’s Republic of China  and Northern Ireland in the  United Kingdom  are examples of  autonomous regions.   Unlike ancient city-states such as Rome and Athens, which grew powerful enough to conquer and annex vast areas of land around them, modern city-states remain small in land area. Lacking the space necessary for agriculture or industry, the economies of the three modern city-states are dependent on trade or tourism. Singapore, for example,  has the second-busiest seaport in the world, and Monaco and Vatican City are two of the world’s most popular tourist destinations.   Modern City-States   While several  non-sovereign cities, such as  Hong Kong and Macau, along with  Dubai and Abu Dhabi  in the  United Arab Emirates,  are sometimes  considered city-states, they actually function as  autonomous regions. Most geographers and political scientists agree that the three modern true city-states are Monaco, Singapore, and Vatican City. Monaco Elevated view of Monte-Carlo and harbor in the Principality of Monaco, Western Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/Getty Images Monaco is a city-state located on France’s  Mediterranean coastline. With a land area of 0.78 square miles and an estimated 38,500 permanent residents,  it is the world’s second-smallest, but  the  most densely  populated nation.  A  voting member of the UN since 1993,  Monaco employs  a  constitutional monarchy  form of government.  Though it maintains a small military, Monaco depends on France for defense. Best known for its upscale casino district of  Monte-Carlo, deluxe hotels, Grand Prix motor racing, and yacht-lined harbor, Monaco’s economy depends almost entirely on tourism.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Singapore   Singapore skyline. Getty Images/seng chye teo Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia. With about 5.3 million people living within its  270 square miles, it is the second most densely populated country in the world after Monaco. Singapore became an independent republic, a city and a sovereign country in 1965, after being expelled from the Malaysian Federation. Under its constitution, Singapore employs a  representative democracy  form of government with its own currency and full, highly-trained armed forces.  With the fifth-largest per capita  GDP  in the world and an enviably low unemployment rate, Singapore’s economy thrives from exporting a vast variety of consumer products. Vatican City An aerial view of St. Peters Square and Via della Conciliazione in the Vatican City.(2014). Massimo Sestini / Getty Images) Occupying an area of only about 108 acres inside Rome, Italy, the city-state of Vatican City stands as the world’s smallest independent country. Created by the  1929 Lateran Treaty  with Italy, Vatican City’s political system is  controlled by the  Roman Catholic Church, with the Pope  serving as the legislative, judicial, and executive head of government.  The city’s permanent population of around 1,000 is made up almost entirely of Catholic clergymen.  As a neutral country with no military of its own, Vatican City has never been involved in a war.  Vatican City’s economy relies on  sales of its postage stamps, historical publications, mementos, donations, investments of its reserves, and museum admission fees.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reference  Ã‚   City-state. Vocabulary.com Dictionary.  Ã‚  Parker, Geoffrey. (2005).  Sovereign City: The City-State Through History.  University of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 1861892195.  Nichols, Deborah.  .The City-State Concept: Development and Application  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. (1997).  Kotkin, Joel. 2010.  ?A New Era for the City-State  Forbes. (December 23, 2010).

Business Auditing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1933 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Insurance Essay Type Report Level High school Topics: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Auditing refers to the systematic analysis of organization financial systems in the essence of tracking the business records. Big company firms may be audited for reasons such as security and the suspicious threat such as theft. Some companies may try to evade the revenue authorities by not paying the dues required, and thus the tax authority will do their audit annually. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Auditing" essay for you Create order Auditing may not judge the future of the business but analyses the current business environment. An audit involves collecting information on the clients and the competitors. The customer service is evaluated and based on the mode of purchase or the services requested. The main aim of auditing is to grow, maintain and achieve the strategic objectives of a business organization. Consider a company planning to migrate to its main competitors base. The company evaluates its sales and that of its main competitor. The following piece of work will audit the Oman insurance company basing on the customer and main competitor information. Oman Insurance Corporation Oman insurance corporation, OIC is one of the biggest leading insurance companies in the Middle East. The organization was formed in the year 1975 and OIC today is one of the largest financial giant institutions with over fifteen branches operating under head office located in Qatar. The Oman Insurance headquarters are in Dubai, UAE. The company is rated A-stable, by standard and Poors and an A, Excellent by AM best reinsurers. The companys vision is to provide unique insurance solutions which help, protect and create wellbeing and wealth. The Oman Insurance company operates under customer friendly services to attain quality products while underwriting the general types of risk, health and life insurances while surging forward to make unique covers based on a clients perception [3]. The Corporation provides some insurance services which include solutions from personal lines, motor, health and life coverage solutions. The company provides excellent lines covers from medium to large co mmercial and industrial enterprises. For energy, construction and marine sectors. The organization has the right board of directors who are qualified and consultants in various fields.H.E.Abdulaziz Abdulla Al-Ghulair is the current sitting chairman while Mr. Abdul is the vice president. The two executive directors work with other five board members. The chief executive officer of the company is Christos Adamantiadis. Oman Company has received many awards following its pursuit of quality services which are customer oriented which include the most innovative insurer, commercial lines insurer of the year, UAE insurer at the MENA awards 2015 and the best business insurance of the year at the UAE banker products awards 2015.OIC is a customer oriented company with a clear vision and focuses on service Even due to a slower growth rate of the market, Oman insurance company expectation is to continuous influence premium increment at the rate of 10-11% compound annual interest rates. The insurance corporation substantial investments in data mining and analytics will allow the insurance company to focus on the segments that guarantee highest returns and have the maximum chances to grow the business profitability over the projected three-year business strategy on health insurance coverage. The most significant agenda is to increase profits as compared to the previous years before the establishment of the business strategy The company notices that the sales have been going down and plans on auditing the sales information and that of the main competitors. The companys financial sales at the close of 2016/2017 financial year. This was the 40th annual report of the company. The gross premiums increased by 11.40% reaching 3.6 AED billion compare on the previous financial year 2015 with AED 3.19 billion. The 2016 realized profits were 100.4million compared to AED 50.6 million realized in 2015. The company also had a pleasure of enjoying the net incurred claims with a decrease to 786AED million compared to the previous year claims of 1060 AED million. The auditors audited the premier company sales for a way out in outsmarting the company in the active competition. However, the main competitor who happens to be the premier insurance company seemed to be far much better with the following sales. Premier insurance company Premier health insurance is a world based company. The organization is headed by the PA group and tailored to the non-US residents including the American civilians. The end of the 2016 financial year the company closed with a gross profit of 5.0 AED billion compared to the previous years profit of 11.5 AED. Moreover, the company had incurred small claims of around 400AED. The report depicts a higher profit margin. Basing the audit on the two companies the Oman insurance had to come up with the business strategies both internally and externally. External factors that may hinder realization of Oman Insurance business strategy To study the external factors, we will employ the SWOT (Jepsen, 2010) and PESTEL techniques (university, 2010). The SWOT will be used to view the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats of the business strategy plan while the PESTEL will analyze the political, economic, social, technology, environmental and legal framework. The three large factors include: Technological factors The technology involves the use of science in the production of goods and provision of services in an organization (Lacob Rucci, 2007). Technology enhances real competition among different business groups in the country. Technology has revolutionized the way Oman insurance company conducts its business. The use of technology has influenced communication processes. Emails, websites, texting and personal digital products applications have helped Oman insurance company to improve communication with clients. Oman insurance company aims at boosting its online services by creating a database which will enable their customers to access their health insurance coverage through the enterprises website. The site will be designed with a database which will capture customers monthly premiums. The site will also allow clients to either use their visas cards to make payments and also to make general inquiries about their cover. The database will involve the customers names, gender, age, location, p rofession, and nationality. Also, clients will be able to pay their premiums via mobile banking without necessarily traveling to the companys head office. The rise in technology leads to mechanization of operations which leads to retrenchment since machines replace human efforts. Growth in technology requires high initial setup cost which might deprive the Oman insurance company profits realized since the finances are needed to be invested in modern technological facilities which are too expensive. Many customers have aired feedback through these communication channels hence the organization has considered acting on the complaints and feedback to better their services on medical insurance cover business strategy. Information can now reach a broad market space faster and accurate. Technology also has helped Oman insurance organization increase the productivity of its employees. Business soft wares developed by the insurance company together with computer programs enable the insurance employees process more information on business matters than the previous manual methods. Oman insurance company has reached a broader market, thanks to the growth and development of technology. Technology has enhanced the use of retail websites which clients can access around the clock when they need to acquire insurance cover. Oman Insurance Corporation has achieved this through these of carefully placed web banners and ads. Outsourcing is another innovation as a result of the growth and development of technology. Oman insurance company has outsourced some of its operations to other businesses in the same business field countywide. Outsourcing has lowered its operations costs, and the organization has focused on completing the business function they do best. Economic factors Economic factors refer to the aggregate of the nature of the financial system of the country the bazaar composition of the economy to the economic policies of the government of the corporation of the capital market, business series, the nature of factor endowments and the socioeconomic infrastructure (Bohlin, 2004). For a business organization or entity to be high, the economic factors surrounding its operations must be considered. The forces of demand and supply, inflations; deflations also affect Oman insurance company health cover. The fluctuation foreign exchange rates might see a depreciation or appreciation in the purchasing power of a currency and the clients may opt to exit. A decrease in the rate of foreign exchange will result in low economic growth rate. Hence the clients will not be able to subscribe to the health insurance coverage offered by Oman Insurance Company. On the other hand, an increase in the rate of foreign exchange will mean a positive change in the economy leading to the high bargaining power of clients. When customers are economically enabled, they will tend to subscribe to t6he health cover as opposed to when the clients are financially disabled. Concerning the economic fluctuation, the Oman insurance company should invest in forecast plans whereby in the case of inflations, deflations, and shifts in demand and changes in supply the reasonable profits made by the corporation will not be negatively affected. Oman insurance company should formulate a sound market capture strategy which will enable the company to compete efficiently and even outdo its competitors in the insurance business market. In the case of economic growth, the Oman insurance company should equip its operations in such a way that more clients can subscribe to the health insurance coverage. The company should consider involving the all economic classes that are the lower class, middle class and the upper class in the society. The cover will include calculating premiums to be paid by the clients available disposable income. Catering across the economic classes will not only provide a sound base for the growth of the insurance company, but also it will ensure that the business strategy being developed reaches the largest market in the region of operations thereby making it possible to realize profit increase of 10-11% annually in accordance with the three years business strategy. In the case of technological factors, the Oman insurance company should consider investing in the modern technology. The choice of technology should be based on the reliability if the technology, efficiency, effectiveness, and accuracy of the technology, setup cost, and maintenance cost. The use of internet in carrying out the companys operations will result in involvement in less labor force whereby the company will save more money that would have been utilized in the payment of wages and salaries. Also due to changes in the world trends, technology upgrade will enable the Oman insurance company reaches more clients and hence be able to cover broader market for its products or services offered. Technology will also enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of the strategic business plan which is to develop a modern health insurance cover for the people of the United Arad Emirates. Government policy The government establishes rules which govern sales in any nation [4]. When government rules change, the company will tend to modify the way they operate. Mostly, government market regulations and policies in the economy influence the competitiveness and profitability of business organizations in a given country. Business owners must adhere to regulations and rules established by local governments, the national governments and the federal states which it operates .the government might affect the business strategy laid through the following. References Asad, M. (2012). PESTEL and SWOT Models.? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1987530 Mao, M., Yu, Y. (2015). Analysts Cash Flow Forecasts, Audit Effort, and Audit Opinions on Internal Control.? Journal Of Business Finance Accounting,? 42(5-6), 635-664. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12117 Premier Health Global An International Medical Plan. (2017). Premier Health Global An International Medical Plan.? International Travel Insurance Group. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://www.internationalinsurance.com/premier-health/ tameem. (2017).? tameem.? Tameen.ae. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://www.tameen.ae/PDFs/oic-annual-report-2016-en.pdf

Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer Free Essays

Charcoal is considerably neutral, and the natural wood types are perfect in their ability to amend nearly any type of soil. Today, you may here the term bio-char, and this refers to the larger quantities of organic charcoal being produced for use on organic farms and the like. Charcoal is clean, chemical free in most cases, clean to produce when processed properly, and offers an outstanding result without the potentially harmful chemicals and additives so often thrown in to expensive commercial fertilizers. We will write a custom essay sample on Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many qualities that charcoal brings to the dinner table, to research, to nature, and to the world that you may not recognize as such unless they are pointed out. Due to its extremely high surface area, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus stick to the charcoal and provide an excellent home to soil friendly bacteria and thus essentially turning charcoal into a slow release fertilizer. Inoculate it with fertilizer before applying. Most of the plants growers nowadays are looking forward for an efficient yet affordable way of growing healthy plants, which are weed and worm free. The Group of â€Å"Kids of Einstein† has chosen this Investigatory Project entitled â€Å"Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer† with the idea that this will be the solution of most of the concerns of the plant-growers around the world. Charcoal can be an alternative for the commercial fertilizers which are more expensive to buy. Charcoal can be found and bought all around and has less cost than of fertilizers. This is a very big help for plant growers. This project was chosen because the group believes that having this would encourage others to spread the news of more effective fertilizers rather than using the commercial ones. This is helpful not only of its guaranteed effect but it can also help lessen the expenses of the plant growers that would help them get more motivated of planting knowing that they can save more. How to cite Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer, Papers

Report On Shopsmart Wholesale Pharmacy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on ShopSmart Wholesale Pharmacy. Asnwer: Introduction In Western Sydney, ShopSmartwholesale pharmacy is considered as a trusted name since 2000. It enjoys the reputation of offering sound advice along with reliable services as well as large range of products of high quality (Westfield Retail Solutions, 2017). The centre that is located in Westfield Mount Druitt has shown the determination of meeting and exceeding the expectations which the local community holds. It has been instrumental in delivering a large variety of integrated as well as patient centred services in the medical field and also the allied health services in an environment which is a one-stop (ShopSmart Medical, 2014). This project report will be taking into account the ways in which Shopsmart wholesale pharmacy works, methods used for the collection of data, explanation as well as justification of the organisational issues which will be identified, findings of the research and also the recommendations for bringing about improvements in the systems, processes and ways of working of the organisation. It will also discuss the timelines along with the resources that are required for the implementation of the recommendations and the ethical issues that will form a part of data gathering, storing and treatment of information which is a part of the current report. Ways of Working of the Organisation and the Industry Context The Shopsmart Group comprises six wholesale pharmacies that provide lower prices if purchases are made in high volumes by means of its network of trusted suppliers. This process results in the reduction of the cost that is incurred in purchase of goods. It also assists the group in holding sufficient stock for ensuring that when the customers order products they are delivered timely at the correct location. The company conducts regular training as well as development programs for its staff so that it is able to take care of all its customers ad provide services which are unrivalled. It deals with its customers in a courteous as well as professional way and its team of pharmacists and also their staffs is always ready to answer the queries of the customers. Since 2008, the group has been supporting groups of local community and is a leading sponsor of Kidney Kar Rally, Kidney Kids camps and Kidney Health Australias. The products offered by the company include weight loss programs, baby formula and nappies, items of household cleaning, feminine hygiene, hair colour / hair care, makeup, cosmetics, allergy management, pain management, flu and cold medication, eye / ear care, sports supplements, vitamins, original and generic brands and prescription medication. The services provided by the company include medication packaging, ear piercings, makeup, blood pressure checking, height weight checking, weight loss program and script storage. In the context of the industry the pharmacy is trying to offer good quality products at competitive prices. It is well organised and is a great place to shop for the daily pharmaceutical requirements. The staff attempts to provide good quality of customer services. However, certain major issues were identified with the organisation. The main challenges or organisational issues include low wages of the employees, the lack of recognition which the pharmacists get as being professionals of healthcare and the declining rate of PBS dispensary income. Another challenge being faced by the organisation was the competition that was being posed by the other discounters. The low wages that the discount chains are paying have been impacting the employees capacity of offering services of high quality to the community. The pharmacists are not being paid as any other dedicated professional of healthcare (Paola, 2017). Methods of Data Collection An open ended questionnaire was utilised as the instrument for conducting interviews. a set of questions which were formalized were contained in it in order to obtain responses from the selected participants (Malhotra, 2011). It consisted of five questions. The respondents were the employees working in the company. The questionnaire provides assistance in the collection of data that is of good quality when it is compared to the observation method as the researcher here structures the questionnaire as per the study in order to collect the data which is relevant (Adler Clark, 2011). Secondary Research Data The secondary data for the study purposes was collected from various websites and also from reports related to the company in the periodicals. A number of academic journals as well as publications which are relevant in the context of the company being studied were also used for the collection of secondary data. For secondary data collection, utilisation was made of reliable sources such as publications that were corroborated from a number of sources. The verification of the data was done using triangulation methods which signify that utilisation of a number of methods was made for validation of data that had been obtained from different sources. Sample for Primary Research The description of sample is given as the chosen populations subset. The sample size takes into account the number of individuals or the respondents of whom the sample is made (Adler Clark, 2011). Use of convenience sampling was made for selecting a sample of respondents from the managers of the organisation in Westfield, Australia. The utilisation of this technique is made when the choice of sample is based on the ease of access of the researcher (Saunders et al., 2009). Explanation and Justification of the Organisational Issues that have been identified Feeling of being undervalued This issue is mainly due to the lack of uniformity of pharmacy practice and diversifying into other businesses along with pharmacy. The pharmacists feel that they are not only underpaid but some of them also have been struggling with the feeling of being undervalued and being seen as just being dispensers of medicine instead of being skilled and knowledgeable healthcare providers. The main reason why the pharmacists feel that they are hugely under recognised is that they are viewed by the community at large as being merely medication suppliers instead of being considered a crucial component of the healthcare team who are easily accessible. The pharmacies and pharmacists provide a number of services but still this lack of recognition has resulted in them being not recognised or remunerated well enough. A lack of proper communication channels has been observed within the organisation which has added to this feeling. This issue has in turn resulted in lower levels of job satisfaction, morale and decreasing motivation leading to declining standards of services being offered to the consumers. Low Wages, low levels of Job Satisfaction, Morale and Motivation The wages of the pharmacists have been low mainly due to the presence of too many pharmacists who offer products and services at discounted prices. The wages have been low despite the fact that the store also carries out other retail businesses like a superstore. Job satisfaction is one of the most crucial determinative factor as far as the organisations efficiency as well as productivity is concerned (Aziri, 2011). The reason for this is that it is a predictor of several factors when it is considered in relation to work such as commitment, productivity and performance which help in the determination of success of any organisation (Sweis, 2010) (Marzuki et al., 2012). The lower wages due to rising competition in the pharmacy business has resulted in low levels of job satisfaction among the employees. Research Findings The research findings indicate that there are far too many employee pharmacists in the industry which has resulted in increased competition and lowering of wages to the pharmacists. The pharmacy is facing several challenges which include both behind the counter and in front. The pharmacists are highly undervalued for their contributions in comparison to the other professionals of healthcare. They are struggling to remain price competitive and also in changing their clinical advise into actual sales (Scott, 2014). Even though the services being provided by Shopsmart Wholesale Pharmacy is one of the best, there is a need for further improvement in services. The focus on the main business of pharmacy has decreased as the organisation has also diversified into other products and services. The pharmacists are also struggling for optimising their market strategy and focus so that customers can view them as valuable sources from where they can seek advice. Work in todays world has become in creasingly complex and fast and thus, higher coordination is thus required for it. Lack of communication between the managers and the employees has added to the issues. Patterns of communication are highly lateral. Distribution of the workers has also increased while simultaneous as well as distributed work processes are the norm. The employees are reported to having low job satisfaction, low morale and lower levels of motivation due to all the above issues. Conclusions On the basis of the above research findings, it can be concluded that due to lack of proper communication channels within the organisation and increasing competition levels in the industry the organisation has been suffering from low employee job satisfaction and low morale. The motivation levels of the employees are also low. The employees have developed a feeling that they are undervalued. The improper channels of communication existing within the organisation has resulted in a number of issues for the organisation as a whole which has been affecting its actual sales even though the products and services that are being provided are of good quality and have been priced competitively. Recommendations for Improving the Organisations Systems, Processes and Ways of Working The organisations systems, processes and ways of working need to be improved. Change is introduced when something that is different is done by someone. When a need that is real or is perceived is met by someone, money is made for the innovator. If innovation is absent, whatever is being provided by the will turn into be obsolete at a very rapid pace (Thompson, 2001). A study of the history of pharmacies indicates that the pharmacy entrepreneurs are the ones who have played the role of practice innovators. These are the people who have taken the risks. The employee pharmacists cannot be considered as the risk takers even though they at times are can be innovators inside a system. The pharmacy therefore requires out of the box thinkers who can solve problems for the patients and make the pharmacy advance even if it means putting their careers at risk. For this the managers have to develop a different mentality in the pharmacists and recruit distinct personalities who have the ability o f remaining motivated even in times of adversities. For obtaining maximum competitive advantage in the highly competitive types of environments, the company needs to have an inclination towards innovation (Jimenez Sanz-Valle, 2011). There is a need for enhancing the effectiveness as well as the quality of the products. Innovations should be introduced in the value chains of the organisation (Vyas, 2009). Introduction of new products can be done (Rubera Kirca, 2012). Technological competencies can also be introduced along with transformation of resources by utilisation of the capabilities that are innovative (Therrien et al., 2011). Alternatively, the company can bring enhancements in the shopping experiences, bring increment in the product range and also offer higher more number of discounts (Team, 2015). If a particular pharmacist can perform a certain function it does not mean that it can be done well by all the pharmacists. The issue of uniformity of pharmacy practice consists of two parts. Firstly, are the right programs present in the pharmacy like the practice site accreditation programs or practitioner certification programs for ensuring that the customers are able to get the experience of similarity when services are received for different pharmacies or pharmacists? The pharmacy needs to progress on this front. Secondly, the issue is of pharmacist practice model. Is dispensing the drug an end or it forms a means for a role that is more important. This will help to determine the future of the pharmacy. The role played by the technician of the pharmacy and training provided to the pharmacy students will add to the accreditation of the pharmacy in the community. Better Documentation of the activities of the pharmacy For the pharmacists to be valued better by the community and with changing responsibilities of healthcare, it becomes critical of have a better documentation of the activities that the pharmacists perform. For the true acceptance of the pharmacists value proposition, their contributions have to be documented in a proper way so that the patients understand that when there is involvement of the pharmacists, improvement takes place in the access as well as outcomes for patients and the cost of patient care also decreases. With changes in pharmacy, what and where documentation is done by the pharmacists becomes essential. The need of the profession is a standardised system of documentation which can be utilised by all the pharmacists. Use of a uniform process in patient care rather than own system will prove to be advantageous. Lack of standardisation is the main reason for undervaluing the pharmacists which has also impacted their acceptance as healthcare professionals (Eckel, 2013). Use of proper email and non verbal communication is critical (Jung-ran, 2008). The managers should have the aim of focusing on providing conditions to the employee where they develop are feeling of job satisfaction. This can be done by building trust among the employees. This will in turn boost their morale enhance their motivation levels and eliminate factors that go on to impact it in an adverse manner. Trust and communication with the employees needs to be developed as strong links have been observed between the interpersonal skills of the managers and communication levels as well as workforce commitment. More the interpersonal skills of the managers better will be the communication, credibility of the message, trust will be engendered and commitment among organisational members will also develop (Bambacas Patrickson, 2008). The managers also need to keep the horizontal, upward and downward networks open and at the same time maintain a supportive supervisor-subordinate relationship. The acceptance and awareness of grapevine related information should be acc epted. Besides this, as it is a wholesale pharmacy, the focus should me more on the pharmacy business and the departmental interactions need to be competitive and cooperative. For increasing work effectiveness social contact will have to be increased particularly face to face interactions in cases where working in virtual environments occurs over extended periods (Johnson., 2009). The employees should be trained to make use of appropriate styles of speaking and language so that verbal as well as non verbal communication forms are delivered in an effective manner. They should be encouraged to convey to others that they are not only listening but also acting on the information. They should be able to express their thoughts in a clear manner and should be given encouragement to elicit information from others and gain an understanding to what is being said by others. This way they can learn to handle difficult people and gain credibility. By means of their interpersonal the employees should be in a position to add value to the planning, decision making and problem solving activities of their work teams (Patridge, 2011-2012). Timelines and Resources Required for Implementing the Recommendations The recommendations that have been mentioned above cannot be implemented overnight but can be done gradually over a period of one year. The resources that will be needed for this will be in the form of efficient manpower which can come up with innovative ideas, which can provide assistance in the standardisation of the processes and in systemisation of the documentation process. Documentation processes will require monetary resources for be properly standardised and made uniform. Improvements in the processes of communication that already exist within the organisation will take almost a year to change and be streamlined. Once this is done, the recognition of the pharmacists as efficient healthcare practitioners will definitely increase. Ethical Issues involved in Data Gathering, Storing and Treatment of Information that has been used in the report The study consists of human beings as the respondents and therefore ethical considerations are highly essential in this study. The respondents had been given large number of explanations and were also informed about the advantages that this study will be having. All the respondents were handled in a manner that is very ethical. Firstly, their proper consent was obtained by the researcher regarding their willingness to participate in the study. Secondly, they were properly informed about the purpose for which the study is being undertaken. The responses that have been obtained from the participants have been kept privately and the use of the data was made for academic purposes only. The reason for the selection of this pharmacy is that it is one of the leading pharmacies of Westfield in Australia and it is a wholesale pharmacy that offers discounts to its customers but still it has been facing certain issues. The pharmacy has diversified into other products and services also which hav e adopted different strategies and shown different levels of performance. The facts in relation to the pharmacy have been collected from authentic sources containing published information. The validity of the study has been taken into consideration along with the willingness of the respondents to take part in the research in a voluntary manner as they were not coerced to be a part of the study. A total appreciation of the individuality of the participants has been made and they have been given high respect. Hence, all the answers that have been provided by them have been awarded high value and no misinterpretation has been done of the facts as well as information which are of relevance to the study. Bibliography Adler, E.S. Clark, R., 2011. An Invitation to Social Research: How It's Done. Wadsworth Publishing. Aziri, B., 2011. Job Satisfaction: A literature Review. Management Research and Practice, 3(4), pp.77-86. Bambacas, M. Patrickson, M., 2008. Interpersonal Skills that enhance Organisational Commitment. Eckel, F.M., 2013. Five Major Issues Facing Pharmacy. Pharmacy Times, 12 December. Jimenez, J.. Sanz-Valle, R., 2011. 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