The federal reserve system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The central bank framework - Essay Example The Federal Reserve, or the national bank, is among the most remarkable monetary organization in the United States of America. The Federal Reserve was given the control over guideline of the estimation of cash by congress. In straightforward terms, the Federal Reserve appeared by sanctioning of the Congress. Subsequently, the Congress has the commitment of regulating the money related strategy and the Federal Reserve. This paper investigates the significance of the Federal Reserve and system in balancing out the economy of the nation. The Fed System comprises of a top managerial staff, 12 provincial bank offices in significant US urban areas, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the dynamic unit of the Fed (Wells 19). The elements of the Fed are fundamental to the economy of the US as they assume a significant job in the board total interest, complete spending, and in particular, expansion. In the administration of total interest, the Fed applies moderately precise counter-r epeating money related strategy to oversee financial exercises or total interest. This means the quintessence of money related strategy in the business cycle; the downturns and blasts are immediate impacts of fiscal approach set up. At last, the steadiness financial exercises rely upon the strength of the money related approaches. The money related arrangement maintained by the Fed additionally decides the swelling rate in the nation. The administration on occasion utilizes expansion to build charge incomes in this manner paying off its obligations. On the negative side, swelling disturbs the value framework, therefore influencing the free market economy. From these derivations, the enduring answer for expansion is balancing out costs. This can be made one of the money related approaches of FOMC by the Congress. Another significant pretended by the Fed is that of being the bank after all other options have run out. During emergencies, the Fed may expand the hold or liquidity request prerequisites accordingly consequently forestalling liquidity deficiencies and balancing out the economy. These liquidity saves should be satisfactory and accessible in monetary emergencies. The Fed likewise impacts the loan costs of major financial area like autos, speculations, and lodging. The Fed, through its Federal open Market Committee (FOMC) unit, controls the economy of the country through its money related strategy. Financial approach is the procedure of either diminishing or expanding the flexibly of cash to improve a steady development of the economy. The Fed, with the authority introduced upon it in the Monetary Control Act of 1980, may impact the economy through its three principle apparatuses; hold prerequisites, open market activity or financing costs (Wells 4). On the hold prerequisite, the Fed may force a save necessity proportion that is either lower or higher than the common proportion, contingent upon the idea of the emergency. This standard applies to all the operational banks paying little mind to their participation to the Fed. An expansion in the hold proportion prerequisite declines the flexibly of cash in the economy, and the other way around. To comprehend this idea, let us expect that the Fed has forced a 10% save prerequisite on banks. This means 10% of all stores made. A few figurings mean multiple times the measure of cash made, or when all is said in done, 1/R, where R is the hold necessity proportion. Since the banks require just 10% of the sum stored by their customers for hold, the genuine store rises to 10% of the quantity of credits the bank can make. Thusly, the quantity of absolute advances a bank can make equivalents to the real store partitioned by the hold necessity. The hold necessity proportion is extremely incredible asset, and has just been utilized twenty two times in a time of 40 years. By the by, the hold proportion has been kept up at half since 1974. The rebate rate is likewise one-sided by the FOMC for stre ngth of the economy. Markdown window is an affordable term that alludes to the Feds when it loans out cash to banks, and the financing cost is known as the rebate rate (as the banks turned resources in return for money). For

Inspiration and Authority

World religions, for example, Christianity, Judaism and Islam both today and from the beginning of time have been legitimately connected to enlivened sacred texts. It is from these sacred texts that eyewitnesses can infer a feeling of motivation and a power of perfect position, with the stories and lessons of the blessed conventions articulating the desire of God. This is the basic recommendation that starts this troublesome conversation on the various ways that we may comprehend, decipher and at last reason truth in the experience of connecting with the scriptures.Given that the topic of this conversation is the consistent with be confirmed in the Bible, the Christian confidence, and to a lesser degree the Jewish confidence, will be utilized for thought here. In divining ‘truth,’ we should initially perceive that a comprehension of strict sacred texts fluctuates over an extraordinary range of Christians, with the mutual experience of motivation offering path to a basic decent variety of conclusions on what is being told or to what degree ‘facts’ detailed in the Bible might be acknowledged as such.These sentiments concern such things as the creation of the sacred texts, the job of the prophets and the conviction held in the expressions of sacred text themselves, which when held together build up a degree truth which is itself frequently in the eye or heart of the onlooker. These issues are identified with the perspective from which one methodologies the substance of the Bible, regardless of whether it be one of traditionalist translation or of liberal understanding.For the individuals who take a moderate point of view on the sacred texts, Achtemeier (1980) distinguishes these as people who for the most part accept that the authority of the sacred texts drops from the way that they were roused straightforwardly by God. This is to express that to the traditionalist Christian, the wellspring of the content seems, by all accounts, to be Go d’s direct mediation in human occasions through those that are distinguished as prophets, inclining presumptions to perceive an indisputable level of truth in the expressions of the Bible. The rationale is commonly held that motivation â€Å"implies that the Bible is legitimate for all humankind in all parts of life.Unless the Bible is genuinely enlivened by God, there is no motivation behind why it ought to be viewed as any more definitive than some other book. These are supposed to be supplied with the perfect motivation which permits them to offer transcription of the occasions. † (Kulikovsky, 1) This is a view which resounds with the authentic and scriptural origination of prescience. Prescience would have a significant impact in the early advancement of the Christian way of thinking. Such a case is bolstered by Longman (2007), who expresses that â€Å"the prophetic job in open evangelism developed from the Old Testament predictions of an overflowing of the Spirit .Prophets are reliably esteemed profoundly among the churchly ‘offices' or jobs, and prescience is evaluated boss and most prized among the endowments. The New Testament-period church was increasingly subject to the prophetic present for provide it guidance (Acts 13 and 15). † (Longman, 1) This is on the grounds that prescience is viewed as conveying the immediate expression of God, the unmistakable wellspring of motivation, authority and truth. In any case, there are some fascinating contemplations which come through in the literary investigation that warrant further scrutiny.In specific, the reasonable issue of inerrancy assists with giving some new experiences into the manners in which that we ought to comprehend the historical backdrop of the Bible and its goal toward the impression of truth. Inerrancy is the hypothesis which expresses that the awesome motivation moderately accepted to be at the base of the bible’s words discovers that these words are naturall y evident. This implies the scriptures’ report on history, both human and perfect, is to be comprehended as consistent with the last letter. This is a view that cutting edge researchers have come all the more often to reconsider.A creating progressivism in the translation of the sacred writings permits that regardless of whether it is accepted they have been delivered by human perception and understanding of occasions, their worth is no less incredible as an impression of some higher truth. This is to state that it is not, at this point important to expect that each expression of the good book must be comprehended as really impeccable however should rather be comprehended as definitive in verifiable purpose, and along these lines offering an explanation to a higher truth than basically that which is proposed by a legitimate nitty gritty report of history.This see allows a perusing of the Bible which is all the more empowering to the advanced onlooker, entitling an acknowledgm ent of the significant certainties concerning profound quality and eternality, without upholding a courageous way to deal with the chronicled report of the holy book. This opens the floor for the divining of truth even within the sight of basic examination. This is a thought which appears to be proper, with extraordinary independence deciding how motivation is gotten and how truth is comprehended and, from that point, showed. This alludes either to the prophet, the writer or the peruser of the scripture.For each, the receipt of motivation from God many take any of a limitless number of structures. This is a proper development in the settlement of Christian talk to the requirements of present day Christians, who originate from a wide range of ways of life and airs to get the expressions of God. This holds truth to an exclusive expectation that is in any case missing of unbending nature. In any case, there are motivations to worry about the peril to center Christian convictions of too progressive a position on that which might be characterized or perused as truth.This is to state that â€Å"the dangers of independence and illuminism, a selective dependence on the authority of ‘inner testimony’† ought to be seen dangerous to significant cardinal fundamentals. In particular, traditionalist Christians stress that â€Å"anything which recommended that Christ’s life and passing were just, as it were, a sensationalized projection of the self’s internal history would be difficult to accommodate with a universality worried to protect the possibility that God expect genuine and especially human presence in Jesus.† (Richardson, 304) As this comprises a center conviction, it is significant for some Christians that even the beginnings of the sacred writings mirror this equivalent thought. Therefore, recorded truth must be taken in differentiation, with such huge numbers of the subtleties of the Bible dependent on metaphorical story, with ethical quality and way of life practice profoundly framed in the words and principals, yet even in the occurrences and milestone snapshots of scriptural record. In any case, the leftist point of view permits one to consider that it isn't required to think about the sacred writings along these lines to discover a resistance of the idea of Jesus Christ as the child of God.It is less valuable, in other words, to think about the sacred writings as having been offered by direct motivation than to consider them showing the motivation of early Christianity. Generally, there is an inalienable truth to that which is suggested by story bookkeeping, with translation permitting us to at any rate think about motivation for such significant account minutes as the way of Jesus. This is a useful accomplishment even without accomplishing the sign of inerrancy.To this end, our outside perusing assists with supporting the case that the book of scriptures shouldn't be viewed as an authentic repor t in the manner that we may take a gander at a reading material (however even here, the field of historiography asks us to characterize and relevantly consider what ‘truth’ is. ) Instead, â€Å"the honesty of the Bible ought to be assessed by its own ‘usage and reason. ’ Yet its motivation once in a while incorporates subtleties of history and science. † (Morrison, 1) These components of history and science are normally viewed as side-effects that are uncovered inside the setting of a bigger story drawn from a particular time and place.This appears, progressively a reasonable method to comprehend the spot from where our sacred texts draw their position also, with genuine facts about the Bible’s social sources rising through even a distrustful perusing. Achtmeier (1980) is especially persuading regarding this matter in light of the manner by which his investigation treats the traditionalist view point. The creator is by all accounts guided by t he expectation to show that traditionalist understandings that request an inerrant viewpoint really do a damage to the honest estimation of the text.The beauty of God and the way this rouses the individuals are both holed up behind conversation about the exactness of dates and subtleties. This scrutinize shows this may not be the power that was proposed by the sacred writings, which light up definitely more significant realities about human profound history than physical history. At last, this talk sets up the fairly liberal feeling of the beginning of the sacred texts as identifying with certain natural certainties which are noticeable now to a wide cluster of eyewitnesses, regardless of whether profoundly associated or not.This is to state that the conversation here recommend that reality that we find in sacred texts isn't an aftereffect of the immediate mediation of God during the time spent composition and furthermore not because of being an impeccably precise impression of hist ory. Rather, its relationship to truth shows that the sacred texts are a reasonable method of seeing how authority and motivation interpreted confidence in the early advancement of standard. This is a viewpoint which will assist with establishing a comprehension of the basic belief of the Bible while additionally lighting up new and creating approaches to comprehend their starting points and history.Works Cited Achtemeier, Paul. (1980). Motivation and Authority. Hendrickson Publishing. Kulilovsky, Andrew S. (1996). Motivation, Authority and Interpretation. Kulikovsky Online. Ret. 4/22/08 http://www. kulikovskyonline. net/hermeneutics/inspirat. htm. Longman, Robert Jr. (2007). Prescience in the New Testament. Soul Home. Ret . 4/22/08 http://w

12 Ways to Relieve Insomnia When You Quit Smoking

12 Ways to Relieve Insomnia When You Quit Smoking January 08, 2020 Verywell / Cindy Chung More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Sleep disturbances are a common side effect of nicotine withdrawal. New ex-smokers might sleep more than usual through this phase of smoking cessation. Our bodies are reacting to the loss of numerous doses of nicotine and other chemicals throughout the day. It can and usually does leave us feeling foggy and lethargic. If this describes how you feel, dont fight the need for extra rest. Take naps when you can and get to bed earlier than usual. Your body will bounce back with a little time. On the opposite end of the spectrum are the ex-smokers who have difficulty getting any sleep at all. Insomnia is also a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If you find yourself suffering from insomnia during the first few weeks after you quit smoking, try a few of these natural remedies to ease your discomforts. 1.  Cut Out the Caffeine Caffeine is a stimulant. Most people know this, but heres a fact that is less widely known: Caffeine in the body of a smoker is metabolized (digested) at about twice the rate as that of a nonsmoker.?? The result is a high tolerance to caffeine. When you stop smoking, the amount of coffee or colas youre used to drinking might make you jittery and anxious now. Reduce or cut out caffeine from your daily regimen completely for awhile, especially if you’re having trouble sleeping through the night. Chances are good that once youre through the withdrawal process, youll be able to drink coffee again, though maybe not as much as you did as a smoker. 2.  Take a Warm Bath Light a few candles, use some scented bath salts, and let the stress of the day go.?? A warm bath is an excellent  way to relax your body and mind in preparation for sleep. 3.  Schedule a Massage Enlist your spouse or another willing pair of hands to help work the stress out of your muscles. If you can get a full body massage, great, but even 10 or 15 minutes spent on your neck, shoulders, face, and scalp can work wonders to help you unwind and get  ready for a good nights sleep.?? 4.  Have a Cup of Herbal Tea There are a variety of herbal teas blended specifically to help soothe and promote sleep. Take a look at the tea section in the supermarket, or visit your local health food store and ask for suggestions.?? 5.  Listen to Soothing Music Soft, mellow music can help you loosen up enough to drift off to sleep.?? Try listening to a recording of waves hitting the beach. Soft sounds can be a very good sleep aid. Make sure you have a player or app that will turn itself off. You don’t want to have to get up and do it yourself, as that defeats the purpose. 6.  Turn off the Electronics Whether you have a smartphone, tablet, or laptop, park it at the door of your bedroom and consider silencing it so you dont hear messages or notifications coming in. Leave the TV off, too. Instead, read a book (an actual book, not one on your phone) for a bit to help you get drowsy.?? 7.  Drink a Glass of Warm Milk Spice it up with a little honey and cardamom or nutmeg. Warm milk helps you sleep due to the fact that it is a food rich in the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-tryptophan helps our bodies produce neurotransmitters like serotonin. Serotonin is a chemical messenger that helps tell the brain to shut down and sleep at night.  More of the L-tryptophan is available to your brain when you eat a carbohydrate along with it. No wonder milk and cookies have long been a favorite bedtime snack. Other foods containing the amino acid L-tryptophan: Chicken,  turkey, fish, and shellfish??EggsSoybean products such as tofuDairy products  Seeds including sunflower seedsNuts such as pistachios, cashews, almonds, and hazelnuts L-tryptophan supplements are not generally recommended as they were previously associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Food and drink that naturally contain L-tryptophan are safer choices. 8.  Don’t Drink Alcohol Alcohol disrupts sleep. A few drinks may make it easier to fall asleep initially, but alcohol in the system will often cause you  to wake up just a few hours into the sleep cycle. Sleep is then often intermittent for the remainder of the night.?? 9. Get Some Exercise Even a short 15-minute walk will help, but if you cant sleep, try getting out for a nice long walk a few hours before bed. Timing is important with this one. Dont exercise just before bed as it revs you up before it slows you down.?? 10.  Meditate Meditation helps start your day on the right foot  and end it nicely, too. As a sleep aid, try muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation in bed, laying quietly, eyes closed.?? Start by focusing on the muscles in your body, consciously relaxing them, section by section. Next, move on to the thoughts in your mind.  Acknowledge each one as it comes and then let it go. Let your mind drift and flow, releasing stress and worry as it goes. Adding meditation to your morning routine (in an upright position) will reward you with improved control and calmness throughout your day, as well. 11. Dont  Nap While it may feel good to finally get some shut-eye, if its during the day, dont do it. Power naps are not your friend if youre suffering from insomnia. Youll pay for it when its time for bed.?? 12. Start Your Day  a Little Earlier Another useful technique to help you shift your internal clock is to start your day a little earlier.  You can use some of the time to meditate, tooâ€"a win, win. A Word From Verywell The physical withdrawal phase of smoking cessation is a temporary condition. Your sleep patterns will return to normal soon, providing you didn’t have insomnia before you quit smoking. If symptoms persist beyond the first month or so, schedule a visit with your doctor to make sure smoking cessation is responsible for how youre feeling.

What Is a City State Definition and Modern Examples

Simply stated, a city-state is an  independent country  that exists completely within the borders of a single city. Originating in late 19th century England, the term has also been applied to the early world superpower cities such as ancient  Rome,  Carthage,  Athens,  and  Sparta. Today,  Monaco,  Singapore, and  Vatican City  are considered the only true city-states.   Key Takeaways: City State A city-state is an independent, self-governing country contained totally within the borders of a single city.  The ancient empires of Rome, Carthage, Athens, and Sparta are considered early examples of city-states.  Once numerous, today there are few true city-states. They are small in size and dependent on trade and tourism.  The only three agreed upon city-states today are Monaco, Singapore, and Vatican City. City State Definition   The  city-state is a  usually small, independent country  consisting of a single city, the government of which exercises full  sovereignty  or control over itself and all territories within its borders.  Unlike in more traditional multi-jurisdictional countries, where political powers are shared between the national government and various regional governments, the single city of city-state functions as the center of  political, economic, and cultural life. Historically, the first recognized city-states evolved  in  the classical period of Greek civilization  during  the 4th and 5th  centuries BCE.  The Greek term for city-states, â€Å"polis,† came from the Acropolis (448 BCE), which served as  the governmental  center of ancient Athens. Both the popularity  and prevalence  of the city-state  flourished until the tumultuous downfall of Rome in 476 CE, which led to the near  annihilation of the form of government. City-states saw a small revival during the  11th century  CE,  when several Italian examples, such as Naples and Venice, realized  considerable  economic  prosperity. Characteristics  of City-States   The unique  characteristic of a city-state that sets it aside from  other types of government  is its sovereignty  or independence. This means that a city-state  has the  full right and power  to govern itself  and its citizens,  without any interference from outside  governments. For example, the  government of the  city-state of Monaco, though located totally within  France, is not subject to French laws or policies.   By having sovereignty, city-states differ from other forms of government establishments such as â€Å"autonomous regions† or territories. While  autonomous regions  are functionally political subdivisions of a central national government, they retain varying degrees of  self-governance or autonomy  from that central government.  Hong Kong  and Macau in the  People’s Republic of China  and Northern Ireland in the  United Kingdom  are examples of  autonomous regions.   Unlike ancient city-states such as Rome and Athens, which grew powerful enough to conquer and annex vast areas of land around them, modern city-states remain small in land area. Lacking the space necessary for agriculture or industry, the economies of the three modern city-states are dependent on trade or tourism. Singapore, for example,  has the second-busiest seaport in the world, and Monaco and Vatican City are two of the world’s most popular tourist destinations.   Modern City-States   While several  non-sovereign cities, such as  Hong Kong and Macau, along with  Dubai and Abu Dhabi  in the  United Arab Emirates,  are sometimes  considered city-states, they actually function as  autonomous regions. Most geographers and political scientists agree that the three modern true city-states are Monaco, Singapore, and Vatican City. Monaco Elevated view of Monte-Carlo and harbor in the Principality of Monaco, Western Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/Getty Images Monaco is a city-state located on France’s  Mediterranean coastline. With a land area of 0.78 square miles and an estimated 38,500 permanent residents,  it is the world’s second-smallest, but  the  most densely  populated nation.  A  voting member of the UN since 1993,  Monaco employs  a  constitutional monarchy  form of government.  Though it maintains a small military, Monaco depends on France for defense. Best known for its upscale casino district of  Monte-Carlo, deluxe hotels, Grand Prix motor racing, and yacht-lined harbor, Monaco’s economy depends almost entirely on tourism.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Singapore   Singapore skyline. Getty Images/seng chye teo Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia. With about 5.3 million people living within its  270 square miles, it is the second most densely populated country in the world after Monaco. Singapore became an independent republic, a city and a sovereign country in 1965, after being expelled from the Malaysian Federation. Under its constitution, Singapore employs a  representative democracy  form of government with its own currency and full, highly-trained armed forces.  With the fifth-largest per capita  GDP  in the world and an enviably low unemployment rate, Singapore’s economy thrives from exporting a vast variety of consumer products. Vatican City An aerial view of St. Peters Square and Via della Conciliazione in the Vatican City.(2014). Massimo Sestini / Getty Images) Occupying an area of only about 108 acres inside Rome, Italy, the city-state of Vatican City stands as the world’s smallest independent country. Created by the  1929 Lateran Treaty  with Italy, Vatican City’s political system is  controlled by the  Roman Catholic Church, with the Pope  serving as the legislative, judicial, and executive head of government.  The city’s permanent population of around 1,000 is made up almost entirely of Catholic clergymen.  As a neutral country with no military of its own, Vatican City has never been involved in a war.  Vatican City’s economy relies on  sales of its postage stamps, historical publications, mementos, donations, investments of its reserves, and museum admission fees.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reference  Ã‚   City-state. Vocabulary.com Dictionary.  Ã‚  Parker, Geoffrey. (2005).  Sovereign City: The City-State Through History.  University of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 1861892195.  Nichols, Deborah.  .The City-State Concept: Development and Application  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. (1997).  Kotkin, Joel. 2010.  ?A New Era for the City-State  Forbes. (December 23, 2010).

Business Auditing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1933 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Insurance Essay Type Report Level High school Topics: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Auditing refers to the systematic analysis of organization financial systems in the essence of tracking the business records. Big company firms may be audited for reasons such as security and the suspicious threat such as theft. Some companies may try to evade the revenue authorities by not paying the dues required, and thus the tax authority will do their audit annually. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Auditing" essay for you Create order Auditing may not judge the future of the business but analyses the current business environment. An audit involves collecting information on the clients and the competitors. The customer service is evaluated and based on the mode of purchase or the services requested. The main aim of auditing is to grow, maintain and achieve the strategic objectives of a business organization. Consider a company planning to migrate to its main competitors base. The company evaluates its sales and that of its main competitor. The following piece of work will audit the Oman insurance company basing on the customer and main competitor information. Oman Insurance Corporation Oman insurance corporation, OIC is one of the biggest leading insurance companies in the Middle East. The organization was formed in the year 1975 and OIC today is one of the largest financial giant institutions with over fifteen branches operating under head office located in Qatar. The Oman Insurance headquarters are in Dubai, UAE. The company is rated A-stable, by standard and Poors and an A, Excellent by AM best reinsurers. The companys vision is to provide unique insurance solutions which help, protect and create wellbeing and wealth. The Oman Insurance company operates under customer friendly services to attain quality products while underwriting the general types of risk, health and life insurances while surging forward to make unique covers based on a clients perception [3]. The Corporation provides some insurance services which include solutions from personal lines, motor, health and life coverage solutions. The company provides excellent lines covers from medium to large co mmercial and industrial enterprises. For energy, construction and marine sectors. The organization has the right board of directors who are qualified and consultants in various fields.H.E.Abdulaziz Abdulla Al-Ghulair is the current sitting chairman while Mr. Abdul is the vice president. The two executive directors work with other five board members. The chief executive officer of the company is Christos Adamantiadis. Oman Company has received many awards following its pursuit of quality services which are customer oriented which include the most innovative insurer, commercial lines insurer of the year, UAE insurer at the MENA awards 2015 and the best business insurance of the year at the UAE banker products awards 2015.OIC is a customer oriented company with a clear vision and focuses on service Even due to a slower growth rate of the market, Oman insurance company expectation is to continuous influence premium increment at the rate of 10-11% compound annual interest rates. The insurance corporation substantial investments in data mining and analytics will allow the insurance company to focus on the segments that guarantee highest returns and have the maximum chances to grow the business profitability over the projected three-year business strategy on health insurance coverage. The most significant agenda is to increase profits as compared to the previous years before the establishment of the business strategy The company notices that the sales have been going down and plans on auditing the sales information and that of the main competitors. The companys financial sales at the close of 2016/2017 financial year. This was the 40th annual report of the company. The gross premiums increased by 11.40% reaching 3.6 AED billion compare on the previous financial year 2015 with AED 3.19 billion. The 2016 realized profits were 100.4million compared to AED 50.6 million realized in 2015. The company also had a pleasure of enjoying the net incurred claims with a decrease to 786AED million compared to the previous year claims of 1060 AED million. The auditors audited the premier company sales for a way out in outsmarting the company in the active competition. However, the main competitor who happens to be the premier insurance company seemed to be far much better with the following sales. Premier insurance company Premier health insurance is a world based company. The organization is headed by the PA group and tailored to the non-US residents including the American civilians. The end of the 2016 financial year the company closed with a gross profit of 5.0 AED billion compared to the previous years profit of 11.5 AED. Moreover, the company had incurred small claims of around 400AED. The report depicts a higher profit margin. Basing the audit on the two companies the Oman insurance had to come up with the business strategies both internally and externally. External factors that may hinder realization of Oman Insurance business strategy To study the external factors, we will employ the SWOT (Jepsen, 2010) and PESTEL techniques (university, 2010). The SWOT will be used to view the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats of the business strategy plan while the PESTEL will analyze the political, economic, social, technology, environmental and legal framework. The three large factors include: Technological factors The technology involves the use of science in the production of goods and provision of services in an organization (Lacob Rucci, 2007). Technology enhances real competition among different business groups in the country. Technology has revolutionized the way Oman insurance company conducts its business. The use of technology has influenced communication processes. Emails, websites, texting and personal digital products applications have helped Oman insurance company to improve communication with clients. Oman insurance company aims at boosting its online services by creating a database which will enable their customers to access their health insurance coverage through the enterprises website. The site will be designed with a database which will capture customers monthly premiums. The site will also allow clients to either use their visas cards to make payments and also to make general inquiries about their cover. The database will involve the customers names, gender, age, location, p rofession, and nationality. Also, clients will be able to pay their premiums via mobile banking without necessarily traveling to the companys head office. The rise in technology leads to mechanization of operations which leads to retrenchment since machines replace human efforts. Growth in technology requires high initial setup cost which might deprive the Oman insurance company profits realized since the finances are needed to be invested in modern technological facilities which are too expensive. Many customers have aired feedback through these communication channels hence the organization has considered acting on the complaints and feedback to better their services on medical insurance cover business strategy. Information can now reach a broad market space faster and accurate. Technology also has helped Oman insurance organization increase the productivity of its employees. Business soft wares developed by the insurance company together with computer programs enable the insurance employees process more information on business matters than the previous manual methods. Oman insurance company has reached a broader market, thanks to the growth and development of technology. Technology has enhanced the use of retail websites which clients can access around the clock when they need to acquire insurance cover. Oman Insurance Corporation has achieved this through these of carefully placed web banners and ads. Outsourcing is another innovation as a result of the growth and development of technology. Oman insurance company has outsourced some of its operations to other businesses in the same business field countywide. Outsourcing has lowered its operations costs, and the organization has focused on completing the business function they do best. Economic factors Economic factors refer to the aggregate of the nature of the financial system of the country the bazaar composition of the economy to the economic policies of the government of the corporation of the capital market, business series, the nature of factor endowments and the socioeconomic infrastructure (Bohlin, 2004). For a business organization or entity to be high, the economic factors surrounding its operations must be considered. The forces of demand and supply, inflations; deflations also affect Oman insurance company health cover. The fluctuation foreign exchange rates might see a depreciation or appreciation in the purchasing power of a currency and the clients may opt to exit. A decrease in the rate of foreign exchange will result in low economic growth rate. Hence the clients will not be able to subscribe to the health insurance coverage offered by Oman Insurance Company. On the other hand, an increase in the rate of foreign exchange will mean a positive change in the economy leading to the high bargaining power of clients. When customers are economically enabled, they will tend to subscribe to t6he health cover as opposed to when the clients are financially disabled. Concerning the economic fluctuation, the Oman insurance company should invest in forecast plans whereby in the case of inflations, deflations, and shifts in demand and changes in supply the reasonable profits made by the corporation will not be negatively affected. Oman insurance company should formulate a sound market capture strategy which will enable the company to compete efficiently and even outdo its competitors in the insurance business market. In the case of economic growth, the Oman insurance company should equip its operations in such a way that more clients can subscribe to the health insurance coverage. The company should consider involving the all economic classes that are the lower class, middle class and the upper class in the society. The cover will include calculating premiums to be paid by the clients available disposable income. Catering across the economic classes will not only provide a sound base for the growth of the insurance company, but also it will ensure that the business strategy being developed reaches the largest market in the region of operations thereby making it possible to realize profit increase of 10-11% annually in accordance with the three years business strategy. In the case of technological factors, the Oman insurance company should consider investing in the modern technology. The choice of technology should be based on the reliability if the technology, efficiency, effectiveness, and accuracy of the technology, setup cost, and maintenance cost. The use of internet in carrying out the companys operations will result in involvement in less labor force whereby the company will save more money that would have been utilized in the payment of wages and salaries. Also due to changes in the world trends, technology upgrade will enable the Oman insurance company reaches more clients and hence be able to cover broader market for its products or services offered. Technology will also enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of the strategic business plan which is to develop a modern health insurance cover for the people of the United Arad Emirates. Government policy The government establishes rules which govern sales in any nation [4]. When government rules change, the company will tend to modify the way they operate. Mostly, government market regulations and policies in the economy influence the competitiveness and profitability of business organizations in a given country. Business owners must adhere to regulations and rules established by local governments, the national governments and the federal states which it operates .the government might affect the business strategy laid through the following. References Asad, M. (2012). PESTEL and SWOT Models.? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1987530 Mao, M., Yu, Y. (2015). Analysts Cash Flow Forecasts, Audit Effort, and Audit Opinions on Internal Control.? Journal Of Business Finance Accounting,? 42(5-6), 635-664. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12117 Premier Health Global An International Medical Plan. (2017). Premier Health Global An International Medical Plan.? International Travel Insurance Group. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://www.internationalinsurance.com/premier-health/ tameem. (2017).? tameem.? Tameen.ae. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://www.tameen.ae/PDFs/oic-annual-report-2016-en.pdf

Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer Free Essays

Charcoal is considerably neutral, and the natural wood types are perfect in their ability to amend nearly any type of soil. Today, you may here the term bio-char, and this refers to the larger quantities of organic charcoal being produced for use on organic farms and the like. Charcoal is clean, chemical free in most cases, clean to produce when processed properly, and offers an outstanding result without the potentially harmful chemicals and additives so often thrown in to expensive commercial fertilizers. We will write a custom essay sample on Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many qualities that charcoal brings to the dinner table, to research, to nature, and to the world that you may not recognize as such unless they are pointed out. Due to its extremely high surface area, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus stick to the charcoal and provide an excellent home to soil friendly bacteria and thus essentially turning charcoal into a slow release fertilizer. Inoculate it with fertilizer before applying. Most of the plants growers nowadays are looking forward for an efficient yet affordable way of growing healthy plants, which are weed and worm free. The Group of â€Å"Kids of Einstein† has chosen this Investigatory Project entitled â€Å"Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer† with the idea that this will be the solution of most of the concerns of the plant-growers around the world. Charcoal can be an alternative for the commercial fertilizers which are more expensive to buy. Charcoal can be found and bought all around and has less cost than of fertilizers. This is a very big help for plant growers. This project was chosen because the group believes that having this would encourage others to spread the news of more effective fertilizers rather than using the commercial ones. This is helpful not only of its guaranteed effect but it can also help lessen the expenses of the plant growers that would help them get more motivated of planting knowing that they can save more. How to cite Charcoal as Plant Fertilizer, Papers

Report On Shopsmart Wholesale Pharmacy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on ShopSmart Wholesale Pharmacy. Asnwer: Introduction In Western Sydney, ShopSmartwholesale pharmacy is considered as a trusted name since 2000. It enjoys the reputation of offering sound advice along with reliable services as well as large range of products of high quality (Westfield Retail Solutions, 2017). The centre that is located in Westfield Mount Druitt has shown the determination of meeting and exceeding the expectations which the local community holds. It has been instrumental in delivering a large variety of integrated as well as patient centred services in the medical field and also the allied health services in an environment which is a one-stop (ShopSmart Medical, 2014). This project report will be taking into account the ways in which Shopsmart wholesale pharmacy works, methods used for the collection of data, explanation as well as justification of the organisational issues which will be identified, findings of the research and also the recommendations for bringing about improvements in the systems, processes and ways of working of the organisation. It will also discuss the timelines along with the resources that are required for the implementation of the recommendations and the ethical issues that will form a part of data gathering, storing and treatment of information which is a part of the current report. Ways of Working of the Organisation and the Industry Context The Shopsmart Group comprises six wholesale pharmacies that provide lower prices if purchases are made in high volumes by means of its network of trusted suppliers. This process results in the reduction of the cost that is incurred in purchase of goods. It also assists the group in holding sufficient stock for ensuring that when the customers order products they are delivered timely at the correct location. The company conducts regular training as well as development programs for its staff so that it is able to take care of all its customers ad provide services which are unrivalled. It deals with its customers in a courteous as well as professional way and its team of pharmacists and also their staffs is always ready to answer the queries of the customers. Since 2008, the group has been supporting groups of local community and is a leading sponsor of Kidney Kar Rally, Kidney Kids camps and Kidney Health Australias. The products offered by the company include weight loss programs, baby formula and nappies, items of household cleaning, feminine hygiene, hair colour / hair care, makeup, cosmetics, allergy management, pain management, flu and cold medication, eye / ear care, sports supplements, vitamins, original and generic brands and prescription medication. The services provided by the company include medication packaging, ear piercings, makeup, blood pressure checking, height weight checking, weight loss program and script storage. In the context of the industry the pharmacy is trying to offer good quality products at competitive prices. It is well organised and is a great place to shop for the daily pharmaceutical requirements. The staff attempts to provide good quality of customer services. However, certain major issues were identified with the organisation. The main challenges or organisational issues include low wages of the employees, the lack of recognition which the pharmacists get as being professionals of healthcare and the declining rate of PBS dispensary income. Another challenge being faced by the organisation was the competition that was being posed by the other discounters. The low wages that the discount chains are paying have been impacting the employees capacity of offering services of high quality to the community. The pharmacists are not being paid as any other dedicated professional of healthcare (Paola, 2017). Methods of Data Collection An open ended questionnaire was utilised as the instrument for conducting interviews. a set of questions which were formalized were contained in it in order to obtain responses from the selected participants (Malhotra, 2011). It consisted of five questions. The respondents were the employees working in the company. The questionnaire provides assistance in the collection of data that is of good quality when it is compared to the observation method as the researcher here structures the questionnaire as per the study in order to collect the data which is relevant (Adler Clark, 2011). Secondary Research Data The secondary data for the study purposes was collected from various websites and also from reports related to the company in the periodicals. A number of academic journals as well as publications which are relevant in the context of the company being studied were also used for the collection of secondary data. For secondary data collection, utilisation was made of reliable sources such as publications that were corroborated from a number of sources. The verification of the data was done using triangulation methods which signify that utilisation of a number of methods was made for validation of data that had been obtained from different sources. Sample for Primary Research The description of sample is given as the chosen populations subset. The sample size takes into account the number of individuals or the respondents of whom the sample is made (Adler Clark, 2011). Use of convenience sampling was made for selecting a sample of respondents from the managers of the organisation in Westfield, Australia. The utilisation of this technique is made when the choice of sample is based on the ease of access of the researcher (Saunders et al., 2009). Explanation and Justification of the Organisational Issues that have been identified Feeling of being undervalued This issue is mainly due to the lack of uniformity of pharmacy practice and diversifying into other businesses along with pharmacy. The pharmacists feel that they are not only underpaid but some of them also have been struggling with the feeling of being undervalued and being seen as just being dispensers of medicine instead of being skilled and knowledgeable healthcare providers. The main reason why the pharmacists feel that they are hugely under recognised is that they are viewed by the community at large as being merely medication suppliers instead of being considered a crucial component of the healthcare team who are easily accessible. The pharmacies and pharmacists provide a number of services but still this lack of recognition has resulted in them being not recognised or remunerated well enough. A lack of proper communication channels has been observed within the organisation which has added to this feeling. This issue has in turn resulted in lower levels of job satisfaction, morale and decreasing motivation leading to declining standards of services being offered to the consumers. Low Wages, low levels of Job Satisfaction, Morale and Motivation The wages of the pharmacists have been low mainly due to the presence of too many pharmacists who offer products and services at discounted prices. The wages have been low despite the fact that the store also carries out other retail businesses like a superstore. Job satisfaction is one of the most crucial determinative factor as far as the organisations efficiency as well as productivity is concerned (Aziri, 2011). The reason for this is that it is a predictor of several factors when it is considered in relation to work such as commitment, productivity and performance which help in the determination of success of any organisation (Sweis, 2010) (Marzuki et al., 2012). The lower wages due to rising competition in the pharmacy business has resulted in low levels of job satisfaction among the employees. Research Findings The research findings indicate that there are far too many employee pharmacists in the industry which has resulted in increased competition and lowering of wages to the pharmacists. The pharmacy is facing several challenges which include both behind the counter and in front. The pharmacists are highly undervalued for their contributions in comparison to the other professionals of healthcare. They are struggling to remain price competitive and also in changing their clinical advise into actual sales (Scott, 2014). Even though the services being provided by Shopsmart Wholesale Pharmacy is one of the best, there is a need for further improvement in services. The focus on the main business of pharmacy has decreased as the organisation has also diversified into other products and services. The pharmacists are also struggling for optimising their market strategy and focus so that customers can view them as valuable sources from where they can seek advice. Work in todays world has become in creasingly complex and fast and thus, higher coordination is thus required for it. Lack of communication between the managers and the employees has added to the issues. Patterns of communication are highly lateral. Distribution of the workers has also increased while simultaneous as well as distributed work processes are the norm. The employees are reported to having low job satisfaction, low morale and lower levels of motivation due to all the above issues. Conclusions On the basis of the above research findings, it can be concluded that due to lack of proper communication channels within the organisation and increasing competition levels in the industry the organisation has been suffering from low employee job satisfaction and low morale. The motivation levels of the employees are also low. The employees have developed a feeling that they are undervalued. The improper channels of communication existing within the organisation has resulted in a number of issues for the organisation as a whole which has been affecting its actual sales even though the products and services that are being provided are of good quality and have been priced competitively. Recommendations for Improving the Organisations Systems, Processes and Ways of Working The organisations systems, processes and ways of working need to be improved. Change is introduced when something that is different is done by someone. When a need that is real or is perceived is met by someone, money is made for the innovator. If innovation is absent, whatever is being provided by the will turn into be obsolete at a very rapid pace (Thompson, 2001). A study of the history of pharmacies indicates that the pharmacy entrepreneurs are the ones who have played the role of practice innovators. These are the people who have taken the risks. The employee pharmacists cannot be considered as the risk takers even though they at times are can be innovators inside a system. The pharmacy therefore requires out of the box thinkers who can solve problems for the patients and make the pharmacy advance even if it means putting their careers at risk. For this the managers have to develop a different mentality in the pharmacists and recruit distinct personalities who have the ability o f remaining motivated even in times of adversities. For obtaining maximum competitive advantage in the highly competitive types of environments, the company needs to have an inclination towards innovation (Jimenez Sanz-Valle, 2011). There is a need for enhancing the effectiveness as well as the quality of the products. Innovations should be introduced in the value chains of the organisation (Vyas, 2009). Introduction of new products can be done (Rubera Kirca, 2012). Technological competencies can also be introduced along with transformation of resources by utilisation of the capabilities that are innovative (Therrien et al., 2011). Alternatively, the company can bring enhancements in the shopping experiences, bring increment in the product range and also offer higher more number of discounts (Team, 2015). If a particular pharmacist can perform a certain function it does not mean that it can be done well by all the pharmacists. The issue of uniformity of pharmacy practice consists of two parts. Firstly, are the right programs present in the pharmacy like the practice site accreditation programs or practitioner certification programs for ensuring that the customers are able to get the experience of similarity when services are received for different pharmacies or pharmacists? The pharmacy needs to progress on this front. Secondly, the issue is of pharmacist practice model. Is dispensing the drug an end or it forms a means for a role that is more important. This will help to determine the future of the pharmacy. The role played by the technician of the pharmacy and training provided to the pharmacy students will add to the accreditation of the pharmacy in the community. Better Documentation of the activities of the pharmacy For the pharmacists to be valued better by the community and with changing responsibilities of healthcare, it becomes critical of have a better documentation of the activities that the pharmacists perform. For the true acceptance of the pharmacists value proposition, their contributions have to be documented in a proper way so that the patients understand that when there is involvement of the pharmacists, improvement takes place in the access as well as outcomes for patients and the cost of patient care also decreases. With changes in pharmacy, what and where documentation is done by the pharmacists becomes essential. The need of the profession is a standardised system of documentation which can be utilised by all the pharmacists. Use of a uniform process in patient care rather than own system will prove to be advantageous. Lack of standardisation is the main reason for undervaluing the pharmacists which has also impacted their acceptance as healthcare professionals (Eckel, 2013). Use of proper email and non verbal communication is critical (Jung-ran, 2008). The managers should have the aim of focusing on providing conditions to the employee where they develop are feeling of job satisfaction. This can be done by building trust among the employees. This will in turn boost their morale enhance their motivation levels and eliminate factors that go on to impact it in an adverse manner. Trust and communication with the employees needs to be developed as strong links have been observed between the interpersonal skills of the managers and communication levels as well as workforce commitment. More the interpersonal skills of the managers better will be the communication, credibility of the message, trust will be engendered and commitment among organisational members will also develop (Bambacas Patrickson, 2008). The managers also need to keep the horizontal, upward and downward networks open and at the same time maintain a supportive supervisor-subordinate relationship. The acceptance and awareness of grapevine related information should be acc epted. Besides this, as it is a wholesale pharmacy, the focus should me more on the pharmacy business and the departmental interactions need to be competitive and cooperative. For increasing work effectiveness social contact will have to be increased particularly face to face interactions in cases where working in virtual environments occurs over extended periods (Johnson., 2009). The employees should be trained to make use of appropriate styles of speaking and language so that verbal as well as non verbal communication forms are delivered in an effective manner. They should be encouraged to convey to others that they are not only listening but also acting on the information. They should be able to express their thoughts in a clear manner and should be given encouragement to elicit information from others and gain an understanding to what is being said by others. This way they can learn to handle difficult people and gain credibility. By means of their interpersonal the employees should be in a position to add value to the planning, decision making and problem solving activities of their work teams (Patridge, 2011-2012). Timelines and Resources Required for Implementing the Recommendations The recommendations that have been mentioned above cannot be implemented overnight but can be done gradually over a period of one year. The resources that will be needed for this will be in the form of efficient manpower which can come up with innovative ideas, which can provide assistance in the standardisation of the processes and in systemisation of the documentation process. Documentation processes will require monetary resources for be properly standardised and made uniform. Improvements in the processes of communication that already exist within the organisation will take almost a year to change and be streamlined. Once this is done, the recognition of the pharmacists as efficient healthcare practitioners will definitely increase. Ethical Issues involved in Data Gathering, Storing and Treatment of Information that has been used in the report The study consists of human beings as the respondents and therefore ethical considerations are highly essential in this study. The respondents had been given large number of explanations and were also informed about the advantages that this study will be having. All the respondents were handled in a manner that is very ethical. Firstly, their proper consent was obtained by the researcher regarding their willingness to participate in the study. Secondly, they were properly informed about the purpose for which the study is being undertaken. The responses that have been obtained from the participants have been kept privately and the use of the data was made for academic purposes only. The reason for the selection of this pharmacy is that it is one of the leading pharmacies of Westfield in Australia and it is a wholesale pharmacy that offers discounts to its customers but still it has been facing certain issues. The pharmacy has diversified into other products and services also which hav e adopted different strategies and shown different levels of performance. The facts in relation to the pharmacy have been collected from authentic sources containing published information. The validity of the study has been taken into consideration along with the willingness of the respondents to take part in the research in a voluntary manner as they were not coerced to be a part of the study. A total appreciation of the individuality of the participants has been made and they have been given high respect. Hence, all the answers that have been provided by them have been awarded high value and no misinterpretation has been done of the facts as well as information which are of relevance to the study. Bibliography Adler, E.S. Clark, R., 2011. An Invitation to Social Research: How It's Done. Wadsworth Publishing. Aziri, B., 2011. Job Satisfaction: A literature Review. Management Research and Practice, 3(4), pp.77-86. Bambacas, M. Patrickson, M., 2008. Interpersonal Skills that enhance Organisational Commitment. Eckel, F.M., 2013. Five Major Issues Facing Pharmacy. Pharmacy Times, 12 December. Jimenez, J.. Sanz-Valle, R., 2011. Innovation, organizational learning and performance. Journal of Business Research, pp.408-17. Johnson., 2009. Realities of working in virtual teams. SGR. Jung-ran, P., 2008. Linguistic Politeness and Face Work. Malhotra, N., 2011. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. Pearson. Marzuki, P.F., Permadi, H. Sunaryo, I., 2012. Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of Workers in Indonesian Construction Companies. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 18(3), pp.299-309. Paola, S., 2017. UNDERRECOGNITION, LOW WAGES: PHARMACYS BIGGEST CHALLENGES. Australian Journal of Pharmacy, 27 January. Available at: UNDERRECOGNITION, LOW WAGES: PHARMACYS BIGGEST CHALLENGES. Patridge, B., 2011-2012. Series of Management Development Lectures. Landcomb, Parramatta, NSW: unpublished. Rubera, G. Kirca, A., 2012. Firm innovativeness and its performance outcomes: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Marketing, pp.130-47. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. Harlow: Pearson Education. Scott, N., 2014. Market Research Reveals Key Challenges Facing Pharmacists in Australia. ACA Research, 20 February. ShopSmart Medical, 2014. ShopSmart Medical. [Online] Available at: https://shopsmartmedical.com.au/about-us/ [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Sweis, R.J., 2010. The Relationship between Information Technology Adoption and Job Satisfaction in Contracting Companies in Jordan. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 15, pp.44-63. Team, T., 2015. Why Is Omni-Channel Retailing So Important For Bed Bath Beyond? Forbes, 12 February. Therrien, P., Doloreux, D. Chamberlin, T., 2011. Innovation novelty and (commercial) performance in the service sector: A Canadian firm level analysis. Technovation, pp.655-65. Thompson, J.L., 2001. Strategic Management. Canada: Thomson Learning. Vyas, V., 2009. Innovation and new product development by SMEs: An investigation of Scottish food and drinks Industry. Napier. Westfield Retail Solutions, 2017. Westfield MT Druitt. [Online] Available at: https://www.westfield.com.au/mtdruitt/stores/all-stores/shopsmart-wholesale-pharmacy/60280 [Accessed 16 August 2017].

Picassos The Guitar Player Essay Example

Picassos The Guitar Player Essay There is no abstract art. You must always start with something. Afterward you can remove all traces of reality, quoted by Pablo Picasso, represents how his art moves away from realism and the traditional views of art in pre modernist era (Picasso). Picasso is known for his abstract paintings and is described as a modern artist. Ideas expressed in the handout Modernism are used to describe Pablo Picassos The Guitar Player (1910) and are used to define the painting as a modern work of art. The dimension created through the use of cubism and subjective style expressed in Picassos The Guitar Player defines the painting as a modern The Guitar Player is a cubist painting that moves away from the traditional design of a painting by presenting an uncertain image not found in the natural world. The title of the painting is the only indication of what is being presented.Lines used to create a person and a guitar become confusing, as evidence of the existence of the objects becomes blu rred. Monotone colors, shadowing, and shapes help add depth to the image. The depth developed creates multiple points of view. It removes the flatness of pre modern painting by giving the appearance of three-dimension to the painting. The dimensionality created is not normally The abstract and unnatural image defines the painting as a modern art piece. Cubism is an art about art, instead of being a mirror image of the exterior world. It is art referencing other art. The painting isnt a representation of what can be found in the exterior world, it is a representation of what is found within the artist (Edward). The painting is not objective, but subjective. The lines, shapes, color and shadowing are used to represent the artist;s inner thoughts and emotions. There is no narration or instruction found within the painting. It is different from pre modern ar

Human and Technical Intelligence in Countering Terrorism

Human and Technical Intelligence in Countering Terrorism Introduction Both human and technological systems continue to become more complicated by the day. In some cases, technology has proven so complex that even experts involved in various fields may not amicably understand their areas of specialisations (Clutterbuck 2013, p. 271).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Technical Intelligence in Countering Terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Too often, when we tackle this subject, we focus on a broad area of specialisation that involves computational ambience, machinery, the internet, and the wherewithal. However, many other factors continue shape this discourse in ways that transform humanity in its endeavours. How modern technology can be instrumental in counter terrorism continue to dominate debate with opinions split as to whether this might have negative or positive impacts on either side of the divide. Primakov (2004, p. 245) notes that the world currently relies on both human and technical intelligence to counter detect, deter, and thwart acts of terrorism before they strike. However, as much as human and technical intelligence is effective in combating terrorism, terror groups equally benefits from these opportunities to extend their hegemony. This paper seeks to explore the magnitude to which modern human and technical intelligence is instrumental in combating terrorism. Human and technical intelligence Technical or artificial intelligence refers to the brainpower exhibited by machines in dissimulation through action, thinking skills, reasoning, and behavior. As a study in an academic field, artificial intelligence developers’ attempts to equip objects with animate abilities to imitate humans and even execute some of the duties performed by man (Sandin 2003, p. 34). Mechanical engineers seek training in a wide range of technicalities that attempt to offer problem solving to which robot-like objects espouse such domineering intelligence to match human thinking skills (US Department of Mechanical Engineering 2013). It is still subject to debate as to whether these developments will ultimately culminate into a perfect art that can always take a place of the human mind. With increased technology, computational proficiency guarantees mechanical engineers with the rare capacity to design and offer an insight into principles of integration and control especially for machinery equipment. This knowledge seeks to give robotic objects some air of human intellect capable of executing human orders.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Sandin (2003, p. 75) observes, this science delves much in feedback mechanism, signal sensing and processing to efficiently design and integrate human accuracy with automated systems such as robots. For many, robots are merely objects that imitate insects, animals, and human beings. However, in military science they could be effective gadgets for countering terrorism. While much these artificial animate objects capture our imagination, their designers dwell much on developing them to help intelligence authorities in executing some specific activities that could be risky for humans to undertake (Shi 2011, p. 56). Many developers are already contemplating giving these objects enough intelligence to enable them interact reliably with the dynamics that are in common practice. In most cases, these objects have the endowment of doing some of the things deemed as too dangerous, boring, difficult to execute, or just extra ordinary in some way such as fighting terrorism. Technical intelligence is common in most objects found in automotive, manufacturing industry, medical implements, and space exploration gadgets. Over a million different types of object-like robots exist within modern science with greater tendency to work with greater intelligence capable of detecting and fighting terror groups (US Department of Mechanical Engineering 2013). Some robotic objects such as the Mars Exploration Rover, the Caribou, and drones have been used to assist the intelligence personnel in learning about possibilities that are either too dangerous or practically unsafe to explore (US Department of Mechanical Engineering 2013). Fighting terrorism is a high calling that sometimes extend to areas where there is biological attack. Since robot-like gadgets do not breathe, it is easy for such gadgets to explore such regions and launch an attack or take photos. Objects with technical intelligence have features that enable them to perform their duties optimally. These characteristic consists of movement, energy, sensory, and intelligence analogous to that in human beings. For an object to have artificial intelligence, it has to exhibit some animate qualities. Whether propelled by thrust, walking on human-like legs, or rolling on wheels, these objects have been instrumental in aiding human capacity to fight terrorism. For these objects to function, they have in-built human capacities that put them at par with human intelligence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Technical Intelligence in Countering Terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unlike human beings, that have innate body power, an object that displays technical intelligence needs to power itself effectively and perform its functions as desired. A robot for example, must derive its power from electric charges, solar power, or battery (Shi 2011, p. 145). Furthermore, the ways these objects get their energy always depend on their designated function. Unlike human beings, to function in the capacity desired, a robot for instance, needs a fair degree of smartness. In essence, a great deal of software design becomes a necessity in the assembly of robotic objects. Unlike human beings that have natural se nsory nerves, for robots to perform well, they must have the software to help them sense their immediate surroundings and act as programmed (Dick Kandel 2005, p. 56). While giving robotic objects sensory abilities such as chemical sensors (nose), light sensors to emulate the eyes, pressure, or touch sensors to emulate the hands), hearing sensors to emulate ears, and taste sensors (tongue) has the likelihood of giving robots human qualities. It must however, come out clearly that singularity with humanity as to take special parallelism with the human making is still far from reality. Contribution of human and technical intelligence to counter-terrorism operations The increased attention and use of drones, or perhaps aerial vehicles continue to spark debate about their widespread application and effectiveness in fighting terrorism (Stanford/NYU Report 2012). Much of the debate, according to Cavoukian (2012), centres on their state application for surveillance and warfare or at times by the media to grope raw photo footage of a particular event. The application of drones especially in military airstrike and photo surveillance have all been great feats in combating terrorism (Cavoukian 2012). Moreover, anti-terror agencies equally use them for surveillance to enable them detect and deter terrorism. However, the varying applications of drone technology necessitate the need for best practices to ensure the terror groups do not find use them for their advantage. The application of technical intelligence for the public good has to prioritise on several factors including human welfare in assisting the authorities in detecting and combating terrorism. Terrorism continues to evolve with increase in technology. Today, terror groups such as Al-Qaida, ISIS, Al-Shabaab, and Boko Haram continue to device various means of survival to stay relevant. Armed aerial gadgets with technical intelligence make camera technology to be useful in tracing terror networks around the globe (Finn Wright 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technical intelligence come with enhance flexibility since these gadgets have are not limited in their ability to go places. This flexibility gives way to a new task for intelligence agencies to fight terrorism without being intercepted by the terror groups (Stanford/NYU Report 2012). As camera technology becomes more pronounced, the emergence of armed aerial gadgets suggest a wide range of concerns, ranging from relief supply, digital imaging, device development, to mobile airborne tracking (Finn Wright 2012). Drones particularly, have been instrumental in play board delivery, and a police crackdown on terror groups or monitoring their activities around the globe. Some drones have special uses with a radioactive monitoring device while others are effective in protecting wildlife or tracing lost games. As concerns public policy and human privileges watch, the contemporary debate on the recent uses of drone culminating in the military strikes on civilians have narrowed down the deba te to ethical and legal issues. As Cavoukian (2012) argues, the legality of using drones to deliver military weapons for air strikes has been an emergent factor that questions its use by ordinary surveillance group such as the fourth estate (Finn Wright 2012). It is no doubt that this issue has given rise to a critical debate giving way to tentative and unprecedented legality tussle. If used in ways that project technology in bad light such as infringing on the rights of citizens, or in attacking the armed civil populations, then drones will be less effective in delivering their potentials. Sophisticated policymaking as well as legal considerations is necessary in preventing the state from making military use of drones to be legitimate (Last 2005, p. 45). In addition, strict and firm measures regulating the commercial uses of drones are a necessity. Furthermore, restricting its use by the civil society will make drones to be an effective approach to embracing camera technology. Man y people, especially the civil society deem drones harmful, especially considering their recent uses in military air strikes, this notion is reversible if there is effective implementation if rules for its use. Moreover, its ability to take secret photos is nothing less than an infringement on the privacy of the citizens. The civil society groups consider the widespread use of drones as watering down the privacy right of citizens, and the authorities must come with strict regulations to curb this phenomenon. Combating terrorism in America Securing the United States’ borders including land, air, and sea from illegal entry by immigrants, and contraband such as weapons and drugs has been the face of America security structure especially in the wake of increased terror threat (Weintrit 2013, p. 5). The United States’ Patriot Act, was officially instituted in 2001 as the most sweeping enactment to counter terrorism following the 9/11 attack (Etzioni 2004, p. 75). At the beh est, the presumption of the act lies on its uniting and strengthening ability to provide among other things, appropriate tools necessary to intercept and thwart terrorism. As an effective homeland security commitment to ensure the safety of the American people, the Patriot Act instituted the use of technical intelligence for surveillance and rapid tracking response including seizures and detention of suspected terrorist agents. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attack, Hoffman (2015, p. 76) notes that President Bush together with the Attorney General John Ashcroft effectively rallied the Congress to increase police and military powers of search, seizures, surveillance to use relevant intelligence to detect, arrest and detain terror suspects. Among the key features of the Patriot Act included the Roving Wiretaps, which allowed the federal agency to use technical gadgets to wiretap any telephone conversations that terror suspects and agents might use to penetrate the security systems. In t he course of all these developments, Etzioni (2004, p. 125) notes that the federal agency became more consistent in the use of internet tracking as a means of fast tracking internet communication. The law enforcement authorities therefore had the capacity to interfere directly in the personal accounts of individuals using the internet without necessarily having to obtain warrants for such impersonations. The Patriot Act also guaranteed the federal authorities the right to order for business records for private and public companies for litigation scrutiny and auditing by the federal authorities. In so doing, federal investigators were able to access information and communications from consumer purchases, bank records, credit cards, libraries as well as schools, and colleges. Moreover, the Act instituted a special Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court with the capacity to issue search warrants at the request of an investigator to launch terrorist investigation on foreign visitation to America (Hoffman 2015, p. 76). In addition, the Aliens Reporting and Detention Act authorises the Federal authorities to obtain personal documentations by foreign persons vising America and those found to be in America illegally risked detention and arrest without warrant. Within the tenets of keeping with the traditions of the Patriotic Act, the federal authorities could seize the property or obstruct such logistics of suspected terrorists. Individuals whose property fall victim of the rule bear the duty of proof that the property in question was not for the purpose of terrorism and the provision also guaranteed no claim. The detention as Etzioni (2004, p. 215) observes laws allowed the federal authorities to detain suspected terrorists and agents for lengthy periods during which interrogation and effective investigation for such persons will take place. The federal authorities became effective in fast tracking the indigenous American citizens from terrorist connections. Patriot Act instituted prohibition against harbouring terrorists as a duty to thwart the emergent terrorist networks in America and other parts of the world. Harbouring individuals who have committed a felony amounting to terror and or are about to commit such acts of terrorism therefore became highly constrainable by the federal authorities. In retrospect, the Patriot Act unleashed a tall order for the various institutions charged with the security of the American populations. In achieving the objectives of the Patriot Act, the American citizens became more involved in ensuring the smooth passage of the Act by showing a commitment to thwart terrorism by any means necessary including technical intelligence. Terror suspects and agents by contrast carry the greatest responsibility for their crimes as provided for by the Patriot Act. Terrorism and counter terrorism When it comes to terrorism and counter terrorism, the intelligence becomes a powerful tool used in spreading information to a wid e and expansive audience. The web particularly acts as both important facets of both human and technical facets of countering terrorism. Intelligence could be useful for security agencies to relay messages effectively in their explicit forms. However, terror groups could as well use it to inspire a powerful revolution through dispensing information, disinformation, or misinformation to their affiliations to mount an insurgence (Johnson 2015, p. 5). Studies hold that when it comes to terrorism and counter terrorism, intelligence becomes a powerful medium to arouse the authorities to the occasion. In most parts of the world, Kahl and Lynch (2013, p. 43) note that security agencies have used both human and technical intelligence as their campaign medium to put terror groups on toes. The trend according to Fluri (2005, p. 261) has been that the security agencies that use both of these forms of intelligence to fight terrorism have received wide acclaim. In recent cases, the intelligence has been effective in denouncing governments seem inclined to support terrorist activities. Through intelligence, the web primarily fuelled revolutions such as those witnessed in the Arab spring. Opponents of these unpopular regimes used intelligence amicably to arouse the masses and call them to a duty of nationhood. However, while the intelligence is such an empowering tool, concerns about cyber-crime are on the rise as fraudsters continue to seek a lifeline by expediting clandestine activities through the web. The web therefore, hosts several things, some of which are beneficial to fighting terrorism while on the other hand aid their activities. Technical intelligence has become so much part of human intelligence, not only in America, but also in other parts of the world especially in the advent of fighting terrorism (Kahl Lynch 2013, p. 45). Because of its rare ability to transform humanity, it is always easy to imply that the intelligence will always form part of the society a nd remain an open medium for human empowerment. Most security systems as Dick and Kandel (2005, p. 245) note will always want it to remain an item to explore the world and bring great opportunities that technology offers. Away with the regulatory policy duties, through the intelligence, security agencies can always have the endowment to access any permissible content they want and this in turn has the capacity to help the security personnel to stay informed. While it is true that some form of technical intelligence might warrant censorship, the onus should be on the security detail to guard their contents jealously. Through this, the security personnel are likely to build a robust network capable of combating terror groupings. With increased terrorist activities taking place in most parts of the world, the society looks upon the security agencies to use any form of intelligence necessary to combat terrorism from all corners of the world. With the growth in technological inventions, information flow especially through the web continues to empower security agencies in their effort to combat terrorism. In the course of these progresses, Johnson (2015, p. 10) notes that the world continues to grow into a global society in combating terrorism. The increased use of technology to thwart terrorism has greatly influenced human resource capacity to make business blossom, while effectively aiding in the effective administration of and coordination of government operations (Kahl Lynch 2013, p. 48). Both human and artificial intelligence continue to be empowering tools that offer greater prospect to security personnel to share information with broader audiences who are almost, always invisible. In the present, humanity devotedly uses the web to get across their ideas to millions of audiences elsewhere in an effort to stay informed and put terror groups on notice. The application of intelligence by the security personnel according to Meara (2003, p. 67) continues to transf orm lives while extending an olive branch to technological advancements for human safety. Through technology, governments with different terrorism concerns interact and by so doing, they use technical intelligence to transform the social and cognitive skills of their personnel in the effort of fighting terrorism (Johnson 2015, p. 12). The foundation of the proposition for the efficacy of human and technical intelligence emanates from the fact that the intelligence is an empowering medium that is ordinary in essence and dear to human empowerment by fact. More than anything, intelligence is an intrinsic embodiment for technological expansion, and for that matter, its supremacy in fighting terrorism is unalterable. Terrorism compromises the security of the world With the security of the world under threat, humanity continues to live in peril and this reflects negatively on the socio-economic and political progress in areas subdued by the terror groups. Esfandiary and Tabatabai (2015, p . 8) suggest an urgent need for mobilisation between the security agencies in different countries and the international players to trace the foothold of terror groupings. Different security agencies across the world understand the enormity of tackling terrorism menace from its very foundations in various parts of the world. Moreover, most security agencies are optimistic that the solution to the threats posed by terrorism must begin with thorough realignments for both the human and technical intelligence to counter the possible threat posed by terror groups. Security agencies according to Kahl and Lynch (2013, p. 50) use both technical and human intelligence to volunteer a rich account of the strategies that these groups employ to survive counter terror attacks. Through intelligence, security agencies are optimistic that the very tricks that the terror groups employ to launch attacks could be useful in smothering them. Security agencies hold that the first step in seeking solutions to terrorism menace is to understand the actions of the groups’ from their very point of view, which essentially is all that intelligence seeks to exploit. Esfandiary and Tabatabai (2015, p. 12) absolve the Muslim world of blame and warn that generalisations might be imprudent approach in the effort to counter terrorism. Intelligence makes it easy to separate terrorists from ordinary civilisations that may be victims of the situation by either religious creed or ethnic orientations. However, Farwell (2014, p. 49) strongly suggest intelligence could be useful in expediting strong action on governments that perpetuate the terrorism activities. Different terror organisations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have a strong backing from several Islamic states that give them a lifeline in their operations. Intelligence offers an insight into the survival mechanisms of terror groups from using the Islamic state machineries to media fronts in perpetuating their propaganda and agenda. The med ia particularly, has been a formidable platform in the growth of ISIS and Al-Qaeda. According to Farwell (2014, p. 50), the groups’ public relations infrastructures seem more inclined in building their credibility while seeking to justify their legacy. Farwell (2014, p. 52) argues that while the media has been instrumental in promoting the ideals of these heinous groups, it can as well be effective in negating the gains they have achieved over time. The same sentiments are echoed by Klausen (2015, p. 5) in his article arguing that the Islamic extremist seem to have a well-coordinated IT experts and social media administrators that help in extrapolating the groups vendetta through social media platforms such as Facebook, twitter handle, Skype, and the You tube. While Farwell (2014) gives a detailed account of how social media has propelled the legacy of ISIS particularly, he warns of an impending danger in possible cyber terrorism that ISIS might soon deploy. Klausen (2015, p. 8) notes that to sensitise its following, ISIS uses great intelligence to inspire psychological warfare in propagating religious and political propaganda to recruit prospective members into the fighting squad. Notably, intelligence agencies opine that the first step in defeating terrorism is to extract the Muslim thinking that it has built around it. There is need to tell the world that ISIS is a terror squad that uses religious undertones to justify its crimes. Klausen (2015, p. 12) and Farwell (2014, p. 53) concur that governmental intelligence must be stepped up to track terror groups’ airwaves and destroy their networks in all parts of the world. Religious extremism is the baseline of the terror networks in all parts of the world today. Various intelligence agencies have sought to trace the origin of Jihad that seems to be the core of terrorism. In so doing, they find a rich link between the modern day Islamic religious Jihad and the rise of terror networks as having clo se links with religious extremism. Gerges (2014, p. 339) takes on this perspective and volunteers a glimpse into the historical context of Islamic extremism under the guise of Jihad. Islamic religious aggression is not something new to intelligence agencies across the world; it has its genesis from the Quran Jihad (Gerges 2014, p. 340). The same observation is presented by Hecan (2014), who traces the origin of Al-Qaeda to its rich ties with the ideological conflicts in Middle East and rise of the Cold War. Different intelligence groups give separate evidence of the atrocities already committed by the Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia as attributions for the group’s discontent with the current state of affairs in regions in which it operates. Al-Qaeda particularly has always been in existence for many years and it has evolved over time to give rise to other sub terror groups such as ISIS, Boko Haram, and Al-Shabaab. Having gone through an arduous metamorph osis, Gerges (2014, p. 342) opines that dealing with the terrorism is not an event but rather a process that must involve insightful human and technical intelligence. Terror groups have invested much time in seeking harmony with the Muslim faith to justify their Jihadist extremism, hence the need to use greater human and technical intelligence to diffuse such propaganda. Conclusion In today’s technological world, information and communication technology has created room for empowerment. Different groups and individuals use this noble cause in different ways including negative ones such as cyber-crimes and terrorism. Intelligence has been instrumental in fighting terrorism as well as in aiding the operations of terror groups around the world. Security agencies employ both human and technical intelligence to detect, intercept, and thwart terrorism while on the other hand terror groups use this enablement in reaching out to their audiences to carry out terror activities in targe t areas. However, both human and technical intelligence has handled security agencies around the world a powerful weapon in hacking the administration records of terror groups to seek information pertinent to their operations and counter their activities. References Cavoukian, A 2012, Privacy and drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles. ipc.on.ca/images/Resources/pbd-drones.pdf Clutterbuck, R 2013, Terrorism, Drugs Crime in Europe after 1992, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. Dick, S., Kandel, A 2005, Computational intelligence in software quality assurance, World Scientific, New Jersey. Esfandiary, D., Tabatabai, A 2015, ‘Irans ISIS policy’, International Affairs, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Etzioni, A 2004, How patriotic is the Patriot Act? Freedom versus security in the age of terrorism, Routledge, New York. Farwell, J 2014, ‘The media strategy of ISIS’, Survival, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 49-55. Finn, R. Wright, D 2012, ‘Unmanned aircraft systems: Surveillance, e thics and privacy in civil applications’, Computer Law Security Review, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 184-194. Fluri, P 2005, The evolution of civil-military relations in South East Europe continuing democratic reform and adapting to the needs of fighting terrorism, Physica-Verlag, a Springer, Heidelberg. Gerges, F 2014, ‘ISIS and the third wave of Jihadism’, Current History, vol. 113, no. 767, pp. 339-343. Hecan, M 2014, Iraq steads against the deployment of foreign ground troops within its territories says Iraqi foreign minister at USAK, http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/99424135/iraq-steads-against-deployment-foreign-ground-troops-within-territories-says-iraqi-foreign-minister-usak Hoffman, B 2015, ‘A first draft of the history of America’s ongoing wars on terrorism’, Studies in Conflict Terrorism, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 75-83. Johnson, L 2015, ‘A conversation with James R. Clapper, Jr., the director of National Intelligence in the Unit ed States’, Intelligence National Security, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-25. Kahl, C. H., Lynch, M 2013, ‘U.S. Strategy after the Arab uprisings toward progressive engagement’, Washington Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 39-60. Klausen, J 2015, ‘Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq’, Studies in Conflict Terrorism, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Last, M 2005, Fighting Terror in cyberspace: Series in Machine Perception and Artificial Intelligence, World Scientific, New York. Meara, M 2003, History behind the headlines the origins of conflicts worldwide, Gale Group, Detroit. Primakov, E 2004, A world challenged fighting terrorism in the twenty-first century, Nixon Center and Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Sandin, P 2003, Robot mechanisms, and mechanical devices, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York. Shi, Z 2011, Advanced artificial intelligence, World Scientific, Singapore. Stanford/NYU Report 2012, Living under drones: death, injury, and trauma to civilians from US drone practices in Pakistan, livingunderdrones.org/report/ US Department of Mechanical Engineering 2013, Trends in mechanical engineering careers, http://me.eng.sunysb.edu/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=60%3Atrends-in-mechanical-engineering-careers-Itemid=83 Weintrit, A 2013, Marine navigation and safety of sea transportation, CRC Press, Hoboken.

Video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Video games - Essay Example Video games such as dress up games allow individuals to test various clothing mixes on visual characteristics and this helps users in identifying what mix of clothes look good. Video games such as dating games allow users to identify behaviors that may attract another individual or may turn them off. This enables individuals in identifying behaviors that are socially acceptable. There are various differences in the games that target children and those that target adults. According to Balter children belonging to classes between 4th and 8th grade prefer playing video games that are more violent in nature and these games mostly include characters that are mythical in nature or contain plots based on human based violence (Balter, 2000). On the other hand adults play video games that are more strategy based and linked with their work. These games may include stock market video games as well as games that help adults in creating strategies for attracting

Leasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leasing - Essay Example This is a long term purchase where the price value should be substantially lower than the market value which determines the amount to be recorded. c. During the first year of the lease, Lani is expected to incur expenses that equals or exceeds at least 90 per cent of the fair value of the property that is leased. Basically, these expenses are determined by the value of the property at inception of the lease and this value is agreed by both the lessee and lessor. d. Lani should report the lease transaction on its December 31, 2006, balance sheet as an acquisition of an asset. Virtually, a lease agreement transfers ownership of property to the lessee and this should be reflected on the balance sheet as purchase of assets which adds property value to the company. 2a. The criteria that must be met by Doherty Company to classify it as a capital lease is that it must transfer substantially all of the benefits and risks of the ownership of property to the lessee. If the agreement transfers the property rights to the lessee, then it will be classified as a capital leases given that it will be an acquisition of the property by the lessee. In this particular case, Doherty Company should transfer ownership to the lessee in order for it to classify it as a capital lease. b. In order for Lambert Company to classify the lease as a sales-type, it must be able to realise a profit from the lease or be able to determine if it is making a loss. In actual fact, Lambert Company as the lessor must be better positioned to generate some revenue that can contribute to the profit margins of the organisation. Lambert Company can classify this lease as direct financing lease if it does not record any profit from the lease. It will be widely viewed as a lending institution. c. The main difference between a sales type lease and a direct financing lease is that the main reason behind a sales lease is to realise profits while direct financing is not primarily concerned with profits but just r evenue generation. Therefore, the purpose of the lease and the goals to be achieved are the major factors that make a distinction between the two. However, accounting steps for these two types of leases are just the same. Part 2 During the contemporary period, it can be noted that companies continue to acquire property to improve their operations. Leasing is an alternative means of acquiring long-term assets to be used by business firms (Schroeder, Clark & Cathey, 2005). Leases provide for the right for use of the property by the lessees since they are given the obligation to make a series of payments over a long period of time. As such, leases are similar to long-term debt which enables the lessee to utilise off-balance sheet financing. This paper therefore is mainly concerned with explaining the meaning of debt and equity financing in relation to lease verses purchase options. According to wisegeek, â€Å"debt financing is a way of raising some funds to generate working capital f or the organisation which can be used to fund special projects.† In this regard, the issuer may issue bonds or other debt instruments that can be used as a means of financing the debt associated with the project. Debt financing has a clear start and end